Bell Burnell, Jocelyn
Women in Astronomy: An Introductory Resource Guide
by Andrew Fraknoi (Foothill College) and Ruth Freitag (Library of Congress)
Version 4.4; September 2001
© copyright 2001 by the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Permission to reproduce for any non-profit educational purpose is hereby granted. For all other uses, contact the first author at: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 390 Ashton Ave., San Francisco, CA 94112; or e-mail: fraknoiandrew {at} fhda.edu.
This resource guide is designed to help astronomy instructors, students, historians, and scholars delving into the contributions of women to our culture. It is a directory of written and web-based sources on the contributions of women to the science of astronomy, both in the past and today. It contains both general references on the topic of women’s contributions to the exploration of the cosmos, and resources on the lives and work of 36 specific women astronomers.
The selection of the 36 women who are included (especially when it comes to women working today) is somewhat arbitrary. Since one main aim is to provide resources that students trying to do a term paper could find with relative ease, we picked mostly on the basis of the availability of at least one popular-level article, book, or web-site.
Suggestions and additions are most welcome.
1. General References on Women in Astronomy
2. A Few General References on Women in Science
3. Specific References on 36 Women Astronomers
General References on Women in Astronomy
Barlow, Nadine, et al. "Women in Astronomy: A Sampler of Issues and Ideas" in Mercury, Jan/Feb. 1992, p. 27. Ten pages of quotes, commentary, problems, and solutions.
Dobson, Andrea & Bracher, Katherine "Urania's Heritage: A Historical Introduction to Women in Astronomy" in Mercury, Jan/Feb. 1992, p. 4. A good review of the roles women played.
Drake, H. "Women Astronomers" in Popular Astronomy, May/Jun 1898; vol. 6, p. 129 & 211.
Hoffleit, Dorrit Women in the History of Variable Star Astronomy (1993) and The Education of American Women Astronomers Before 1950 (1994). Booklets available from the American Association of Variable Star Observers, 25 Birch St., Cambridge, MA 02138
Jones, Bessie & Boyd, Lyle "A Field for Women," chapter 11 of The Harvard College Observatory, 1839-1919. 1971, Harvard U. Press.
Kidwell, P. "Women Astronomers in Britain" in Isis, Sep. 1984, vol. 75, p. 534.
Lankford, J. & Slavings, R. "Gender and Science: Women in American Astronomy 1859-1940" in Physics Today, Mar. 1990, vol. 43, p. 58.
Mack, P. "Straying from Their Orbits: Women in Astronomy in America" in G. Kass-Simon & P. Farnes, eds. Women of Science. 1990, Indiana U. Press.
Mack, P. "Strategies and Compromises: Women in Astronomy at Harvard College Observatory" in Journal for the History of Astronomy, vol. 21, p. 65 (1990).
McKenny, A. "What Women Have Done for Astronomy in the United States" in Popular Astronomy, vol. 12, p. 171 (1904).
Nelson, D. "Daughters of the Sky" in Griffith Observer, March 1983, p. 2.
Reed, H. "Women's Work at the Harvard Observatory" in New England Magazine, vol. 6, p. 174 (1892).
Richardson, Robert "Astronomy -- The Distaff Side" in Leaflets of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, #181, March 1944.
Rizzo, P. "Early Daughters of Urania" in Sky & Telescope, Nov. 1954, p. 7.
Rubin, Vera "Women's Work: Women in Modern Astronomy" in Science 86, Jul/Aug. 1986, p. 58.
Spradley, J. "Women and the Stars" in The Physics Teacher, Sep. 1990, p. 372.
Stephens, Sally & Fraknoi, Andrew Women in Astronomy: A Slide and Information Set. 1992, Astronomical Society of the Pacific. (Call 800-355-2624)
Urry, C. Megan, et al, eds. Women in Astronomy: Proceedings of a 1992 Workshop. 1993, Space Telescope Science Institute.
Warner, Deborah "Women Astronomers" in Natural History, May 1979, p. 12.
Zahm, J. "Women in Astronomy" in Woman in Science. 1913, D. Appleton. (pp. 167-196).
Web Sites:
* American Astronomical Society Committee on the Status of Women [www.aas.org/~cswa/]: A database of living women astronomers, legal resources, conference proceedings and newsletters, and discussion on issues related to the role of professional women in the field.
* Biographical Web Links to Women in Astronomy [www.erols.com/njastro/barry/bar-page/womenlnk.htm]: A nice table, kept by amateur astronomer Barry Malpas, featuring brief information and links for many women astronomers of the past.
* Contributions of Women to the U.S. Naval Observatory [maia.usno.navy.mil/women_history/history.html]: A paper by Merri Sue Carter on some rather obscure women astronomers who worked at the observatory before 1920.
* History of Women in Astronomy [cannon.sfsu.edu/~gmarcy/cswa/history/history.html]: The text and images from a slide set on women astronomers available from the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Includes capsule biographies of women from Carolyn Herschel to Sidney Wolff.
* The Woman Astronomer Newsletter [webari.com/twa/]: A Colorado amateur astronomer is starting an intriguing newsletter devoted to this subject, including amateurs as well as professionals.
* Women at Work: A Meeting on the Status of Women in Astronomy [www.stsci.edu/meetings/WiA/]: Proceedings of a pioneering 1992 meeting with useful local and national perspectives.
A Few General References on Women in Science
Alic, M. Hypatia's Heritage: A History of Women in Science from Antiquity to the Late 19th Century. 1986, Women's Press.
Kass-Simon, G. & Farnes, P., eds. Women of Science. 1990, Indiana U. Press.
Ogilvie, M. Women in Science (A Biographical Dictionary). 1986, MIT Press.
Rossiter, M. Women Scientists in America. 1982, Johns Hopkins U. Press.
Shearer, B. & B. Notable Women in the Physical Sciences: A Biographical Dictionary. 1997, Greenwood Press.
Yount, L. American Profiles: Contemporary Women Scientists. 1994, Facts on File.
References on the Lives and Work of 36 Specific Women Astronomers:
Flamsteed, Sallie "Star Spots: The Work of Sallie Baliunas" in Discover, Dec. 1991, p. 29.
Hoffman, Paul Great Minds of Science. 1999, Simon & Schuster Audiobooks. This audiotape collections includes a discussion with Baliunas.
Web Sites:
Brief Bio at Tech Central Station: http://www.techcentralstation.com/Bios.asp?FormMode=Bio&ID=150
1998 Interview in Reason Magazine: http://www.reason.com/9810/fe.baliunas.html
Bell Burnell, Jocelyn "Little Green Men, White Dwarfs, or What?" in Sky & Telescope, Mar. 1978, p. 218.
Bell Burnell, Jocelyn "The Discovery of Pulsars" in Kellermann, K. & Sheets, B., eds. Serendipitous Discoveries in Radio Astronomy. 1983, Nat’l Radio Astron. Observatory.
Greenstein, George "Neutron Stars and the Discovery of Pulsars" in Mercury, Mar/Apr. 1985, p. 34 and May/June 1985, p. 66.
Reed G. "The Discovery of Pulsars: Was Credit Given Where it Was Due?" in Astronomy, Dec. 1983, p. 24.
Wade, N. "Discovery of Pulsars: A Graduate Student's Story" in Science, Aug. 1, 1975, p. 358.
Web Sites:
1977 After-dinner speech about her discovery: http://www.bigear.org/vol1no1/burnell.htm
1995 Interview: http://www.nmt.edu/~kweather/bell.html
Biographical Summary at the Contributions of Women to Physics Site at UCLA: http://www.physics.ucla.edu/~cwp/Phase2/Burnell,_Jocelyn_Bell@841234567.html
Star Child Page for Kids (with an audio interview): http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/whos_who_level2/bell.html
ASP Women Slide Set Page: http://cannon.sfsu.edu/~gmarcy/cswa/history/burnell.html
Boesgaard, Ann "One Woman's Journey" in Mercury, Jan/Feb. 1992, p. 19.
Web Sites:
Her Home Page at U. of Hawaii: http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~boes/
Mather, John & Boslaugh, John The Very First Light. 1996, HarperCollins. Story of the COBE mission, with several sections about her role in it.
Web Site:
ASP Women Slide Set: http://cannon.sfsu.edu/~gmarcy/cswa/history/boggess.html
Arp, Halton & Fraknoi, Andrew "The Award of the 1982 Bruce Medal to Margaret Burbidge" in Mercury, Sep/Oct. 1982, p. 154.
Burbidge, Margaret "Adventure into Space [Presidential Address to the American Association for the Advancement of Science]" in Science, vol. 221, p. 421 (1983).
Burbidge, Margaret "Watcher of the Skies" in Annual Reviews of Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 32, p. 1 (An auto-biographical article in a technical volume.)
Croswell, Ken The Alchemy of the Heavens: Searching for Meaning in the Milky Way. 1995, Doubleday. See Chapter 9.
Reed, J. "A Great Woman Astronomer Leaves England Again" in Smithsonian, Jan. 1974, p. 34.
Rubin, Vera "Margaret Burbidge: AAAS President-Elect" in Science, vol. 211, p. 915 (1981).
"The Stargazer" in Time magazine, Mar. 20, 1972, p. 38.
Web Sites:
Bruce Medal Profile: http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/BurbidgeM/index.html
Short biography by Vera Rubin: http://www.physics.ucla.edu/~cwp/articles/burbidge-rubin.html
Biographical Information at the Contributions of Women to Physics Site at UCLA: http://www.physics.ucla.edu/~cwp/Phase2/Burbidge,_E._Margaret@932123456.html
ASP Women Slide Set Page: http://cannon.sfsu.edu/~gmarcy/cswa/history/burbidge.html
Bok, Priscilla "Annie Jump Cannon 1863-1941" in Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, June 1941, vol. 53, p. 168.
Emberlin, D. Science: Contributions of Women. 1977, Dillon Press. Includes a section on Cannon, pp. 7-27.
Greenstein, George "The Ladies of Observatory Hill" in American Scholar, Feb. 1993, p. 437. (Reprinted in his book Portraits of Discovery, 1998, John Wiley.)
Jones, Bessie & Boyd, Lyle The Harvard College Observatory (1839-1919). 1971, Harvard U. Press. See especially Chapter 11.
Kidwell, P. "Three Women of American Astronomy" in American Scientist, May/June 1990, p. 244.
Merrill, P. "Annie Jump Cannon" in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 102, no. 2, p. 74 (1942).
Platt, F. "Chasing After Rainbows: Annie Jump Cannon" in Griffith Observer, July 1983, p. 2 (vol. 47, no. 7).
Welther, Barbara "Annie J. Cannon: Classifier of the Stars" in Mercury, Jan/Feb. 1984, p. 28.
Web Sites:
Her Pages at Wellesley: http://www.astro.wellesley.edu/annie/
Brief Biography: http://www.physics.gmu.edu/classinfo/astr103/CourseNotes/ECText/Bios/cannon.htm
Brief Bio at ScienceWomen Site: http://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/cannon.html
ASP Women Slide Set Page: http://cannon.sfsu.edu/~gmarcy/cswa/history/cannon.html
A Video about Her: http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/~alexg/ajc.html
Bruck, M. "Agnes Mary Clerke: Chronicler of Astronomy" in Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, Mar. 1994, p. 59. Lengthy profile.
Lightman, B. "Constructing Victorian Heavens: Agnes Clerke and the "New Astronomy" in Natural Eloquence: Women Reinscribe Science. Barbara T. Gates, Barbara & Shteir, Ann, eds. 1997, U. of Wisconsin Press.
Weitzenhoffer, Kenneth "The Prolific Pen of Agnes Clerke" in Sky & Telescope, Sep. 1985, p. 211.
Web Site:
Brief Biography from the Catholic Encyclopedia: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04051b.htm
Dressler, Alan Voyage to the Great Attractor. 1994, Knopf. Story of how we learned to explore the large-scale structure of the realm of the galaxies, focusing on the lives and work of the astronomers who call themselves the "Seven Samurai" (of which Faber is one).
Lemonick, Michael The Light at the Edge of the Universe. 1993, Villard/Random House. See especially Chapter 6.
Lightman, Alan & Brawer, Roberta "Interview with Sandra Faber" in Origins. 1990, Harvard U. Press.
Web Sites:
Bio Page at the Contribution of Women to Physics Site at UCLA: http://www.physics.ucla.edu/~cwp/Phase2/Faber,_Sandra_Moore@931234567.html
1995 Autobiographical Sketch: http://www.physics.ucla.edu/~cwp/articles/faber.htm
Web Page at Lick Observatory: http://www.ucolick.org/~board/faculty/faber.html
ASP Women Slide Set Page: http://cannon.sfsu.edu/~gmarcy/cswa/history/faber.html
Fischer, Debra "Prowling for Planets" in Mercury, Jul/Aug. 2000, p. 13.
Her web site at U. of California, Berkeley: http://astron.berkeley.edu/~fischer/
Her article about finding planets in Mercury magazine: http://www.astrosociety.org/pubs/mercury/0004/fischer.html
Berkeleyan news piece: http://www.berkeley.edu/news/berkeleyan/2000/10/18/planetdi.html
Fleming, Williamina (1857-1911)
Cannon, Annie "Williamina Fleming" in Astrophysical Journal, vol. 34, p. 314 (July 1911).
Jones, Bessie & Boyd, Lyle The Harvard College Observatory (1839-1919). 1971, Harvard U. Press. See several sections of this history for her contributions.
Rolston, W. "Mrs. W. P. Fleming" in Nature, vol. 86, p. 453 (June 1, 1911).
Spradley, J. "The Industrious Mrs. Fleming" in Astronomy, July 1990, p. 48.
Spradley, J. "Two Centennials of Star Catalogs Compiled by Women" in Astronomy Quarterly, vol. 7, no. 3, p. 177 (1990).
Web Sites:
Brief Biography: http://www.netsrq.com/~dbois/flemingw.html
Brief Article at Harvard Observatory: http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/newtop/previous/011700.html
Ferguson, Kitty Measuring the Universe. 1999, Walker. Chronicle of how distances were found in the universe, with good discussions of contributions by individual astronomers.
Stephens, Sally "Hubble Warrior" in Astronomy, March 2000, p. 52. Profile of her work trying to find the Hubble constant and other cosmological parameters.
Web Sites:
Biography at a TV Program Site: http://www.closertotruth.com/participants/wfreedman/
Her Scientific American article on her work: http://www.sciam.com/specialissues/0398cosmos/0398freedman.html
Remarks at the American Academy of Arts & Letters: http://www.amacad.org/blvlivn2/blvlivn2_28d.htm
"Caroline Ellen Furness" in Monthly Notices of the RAS, vol. 97, p. 272 (Feb. 1937).
Makemson, M. "Caroline E. Furness" in Publications of the A.S.P., vol. 48, p. 97 (Apr. 1936).
Ames, Joan. Mastery: Interviews with 30 Remarkable People. 1997, Rudra Press.
Geller, Margaret. "The Big Picture" in Natural History, Feb. 2000, vol. 109, p. 74.
Goldsmith, Donald The Astronomers. 1991, St. Martin's Press. The chapter entitled "Mapping the Universe" profiles Geller's life and work.
Greenstein, George Portraits of Discovery. 1998, John Wiley. Chapter 8 of this collection of biographical articles is about Margaret Geller and John Huchra.
Lemonick, Michael The Light at the Edge of the Universe. 1993, Villard/Random House. See especially Chapter 3.
Lightman, Alan & Brawer, Roberta "Interview with Margaret Geller" in Origins. 1990, Harvard U. Press.
Overbye, Dennis Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos. 1992, HarperCollins. See Chapter 19.
Web Sites:
ASP Women Slide Set Page: http://cannon.sfsu.edu/~gmarcy/cswa/history/geller.html
1995 Phi Beta Kappa Commencement Speech: http://gos.sbc.edu/g/geller.html
Flanagan, R. "Observer of the Gas Giants" in Astronomy, July 1997, p. 50.
Web Site:
NASA Quest Bio and Journals: http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/hst/people/hammel.html
Herschel, Caroline (1750-1848)
Alic, Margaret Hypatia’s Heritage: A History of Women in Science. 1986, Beacon Press. Chapter 9 has a good section on Herschel’s work.
Herschel, M. Memoirs and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel. 1876, Appleton.
Higgins, F. Sweeper of the Skies: Caroline Herschel. 1967, Follett. For young people.
Hughes, D. "Caroline Herschel: Comet Huntress" in Journal of the British Astronomical Association, Apr. 1999, vol. 109, p. 78.
Lubbock, C. The Herschel Chronicle. 1933, Cambridge U. Press. Family chronicle of William and Caroline, by his grand-daughter.
Ogilvie, M. "Caroline Herschel's Contributions to Astronomy" in Annals of Science, vol. 32, p. 149 (1975).
Web Sites:
Biography at the
History of Math Site:
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Herschel_Caroline.html
Biography by Gary Kronk: http://cometography.com/biographies/herschelc.html
Brief Biography: http://www.plicht.de/chris/07hersch.htm
ASP Women Slide Set Page: http://cannon.sfsu.edu/~gmarcy/cswa/history/herschel.html
The Herschel Museum: http://www.bath-preservation-trust.org.uk/museums/herschel/history.html
Hoffleit, Dorrit "Some Glimpses from My Career" in Mercury, Jan/Feb. 1992, p. 16.
Levy, David "Astronomy’s First Lady" in Sky & Telescope, Feb. 1999, p. 89.
Philip, A.G. D., et al, eds. Anni Mirabiles: A Symposium Celebrating the 90th Birthday of Dorrit Hoffleit. 1999, L. Davis Press.
Web Sites:
Brief Biography on LunaTuna: http://lunatuna.com/resources/hoffleit.shtml
Story from the Yale Daily News: http://www.yaledailynews.com/article.asp?AID=7780
Hogg, Helen Sawyer (1905-1993)
Webb, M. Helen Sawyer Hogg: A Lifetime of Stargazing. 1991, Copp Clark Pitman (Toronto).
Morrison, David & Fraknoi, Andrew "1983 ASP Award Winners: Klumpke Roberts Award to Helen Sawyer Hogg" in Mercury, Nov/Dec. 1983, p. 185.
Pipher, Judith "Obituary for Helen Sawyer Hogg" in Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Dec. 1993.
Yost, E. Women of Modern Science. 1959, Greenwood Press. Pp. 31-47 are on Helen Hogg.
Web Sites:
U. of Toronto Library Links to her Obituaries: http://www.astro.utoronto.ca/hsh.html
Brief Talk about her by Tom Bolton: http://www.astro.utoronto.ca/hshbln.html
Brief Bio at ScienceWomen Page: http://www.sdsc.edu/Publications/ScienceWomen/hogg.html
Newall, H. "Dame Margaret Lindsay Huggins" in Monthly Notices of the RAS, vol. 76, p. 278 (Feb. 1916).
Richardson, Robert "Lady Huggins" in The Star Lovers. 1967, Macmillan.
Web Site:
BBC On-line Bio: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/discovery/bypeople/huggins_01.shtml
Klumpke Roberts, Dorothea (1861-1942)
Aitken, Robert "Dorothea Klumpke Roberts" in Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Dec. 1942, vol. 54, p. 217.
Bracher, Katherine "Dorothea Klumpke Roberts: A Forgotten Astronomer" in Mercury, Sep/Oct. 1981, p. 139.
Klumpke, Dorothea "A Night in a Balloon" in Century Magazine, vol. 60, p. 276 (1900).
Reynolds, J. "Dorothea Klumpke Roberts" in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 104, no. 2, p. 92 (1944).
Weitzenhoffer, Kenneth "The Triumph of Dorothea Klumpke" in Sky & Telescope, Aug. 1986, p. 109.
Leavitt, Henrietta (1868-1921)
Bailey, Solon "Henrietta Swan Leavitt" in Popular Astronomy, vol. 30, p. 197 (Apr. 1922).
Crowe, Michael Modern Theories of the Universe from Herschel to Hubble. 1994, Dover. See especially Chapter 6.
Ferguson, Kitty Measuring the Universe. 1999, Walker. Chronicle of how distances were found in the universe, with good discussions of contributions by individual astronomers.
Jones, Bessie & Boyd, Lyle The Harvard College Observatory (1839-1919). 1971, Harvard U. Press. See Chapters 10 and 11.
Mitchell, H. "Henrietta Leavitt and the Cepheid Variables" in The Physics Teacher, Mar. 1976, vol. 14, p. 162.
Moore, Patrick Astronomers’ Stars. 1987, Norton. Chapter 10 concerns Leavitt’s work on Cepheids.
Richardson, Robert "Henrietta Leavitt" in The Star Lovers. 1967, Macmillan.
Web Sites:
Brief Bio at PBS Science Odyssey: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/baleav.html
Very Brief Bio from the Encylopedia Brittanica: http://women.eb.com/women/articles/Leavitt_Henrietta_Swan.html
Biographical Information at the Contributions of Women to Physics Site at UCLA: http://www.physics.ucla.edu/~cwp/Phase2/Leavitt,_Henrietta_Swan@871234567.html
ASP Women Slide Set Page: http://cannon.sfsu.edu/~gmarcy/cswa/history/leavitt.html
Bartusiak, Marcia "The Remarkable Odyssey of Jane Luu" in Astronomy, Feb. 1996, p. 46.
Web Sites:
Her 1999 Article on the Kuiper Belt: http://www.strw.leidenuniv.nl/~luu/NYarticle.html
Her science home page: http://www.fwn.leidenuniv.nl/gs/astronomy/staff/luu.htm
Hoffleit, Dorrit "Antonia Maury" in Sky & Telescope, Mar. 1952, p. 106.
Jones, Bessie & Boyd, Lyle The Harvard College Observatory (1839-1919). 1971, Harvard U. Press. See Chapter 5 and 11 on Maury’s work with spectra.
Web Sites:
Very Brief Bio on X-Reference: http://w1.xrefer.com/entry/173022
Brief Bio Among Other Harvard Women Astronomers: http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1998/03.19/ReachingfortheS.html
Belserene, Emelia "Maria Mitchell: 19th Century Astronomer" in Astronomy Quarterly, vol. 5, no. 19, p. 133 (1986).
Gormley, Beatrice Maria Mitchell: The Soul of an Astronomer. 1995,Eerdmans Publishing. A book for youngsters.
Kendall, Phoebe Maria Mitchell: Life, Letters, and Journals. 1896, Lee and Shepard.
Kidwell, P. "Three Women of American Astronomy" in American Scientist, May/June 1990, p. 244.
Kohlstedt, S. "Maria Mitchell and the Advancement of Women in Science" in P. Abir-Am &
Outram, D., eds. Uneasy Careers and Intimate Lives: Women in Science 1789-1979. 1987, Rutgers U. Press.
Matyas, C. "Maria Mitchell: First Woman Astronomer in America" in Science Digest, Aug. 1961, vol. 50, no. 8, p. 51.
Merriam, Eve, ed. Growing Up Female in America: Ten Lives. 1971, Doubleday. Has excerpts from Mitchell’s diary in the section about her (pp. 75-92).
Morgan, Helen Maria Mitchell: First Lady of American Astronomy. 1977, Westminster. For children.
Opalko, J. "Maria Mitchells' Haunting Legacy" in Sky & Telescope, May 1992, p. 505.
McPhersonWright, Stephanie Rooftop Astronomer: A Story About Maria Mitchell. 1990, Creative Minds. A book for young children.
Wright, Helen Sweeper in the Sky: The Life of Maria Mitchell. 1950, Macmillan. (Recently reprinted by College Avenue Press, P.O. Box 75, Clinton Corners, NY 12514)
Web Sites:
Eclipse-chasing Web Page at Vassar: http://physicsandastronomy.vassar.edu/mariamitchell/mitchell.html
ASP Women Slide Set Page: http://cannon.sfsu.edu/~gmarcy/cswa/history/mitchell.html
Short biography: http://www.netsrq.com/~dbois/mitchell.html
Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia (1900-1979)
Bartusiak, Marcia "The Stuff of the Stars" in The Sciences, Sep/Oct. 1993, p. 34. Excerpt on her work from Bartusiak's book, Through a Universe Darkly (1993, HarperCollins.)
Greenstein, George "The Ladies of Observatory Hill" in American Scholar, Feb. 1993, p. 437. (Reprinted in his book Portraits of Discovery, 1998, John Wiley.)
Haramundanis, Katherine, ed. Cecilia Payne Gaposchkin: An Autobiography and Notes, 2nd ed. 1996, Cambridge U. Press.
Hufbauer, Karl Exploring the Sun. 1991, Johns Hopkins. Chapter 3 discusses Payne’s work, among others.
Kidwell, P. "Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin: Astronomy in the Family" in P. Abir-Am & Outram, D., eds. Uneasy Careers and Intimate Lives: Women in Science 1789-1979. 1987, Rutgers U. Press.
Kidwell, P. "Three Women of American Astronomy" in American Scientist, May/June 1990, p. 244.
Smith, E. "Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin" in Physics Today, June 1980, p. 64.
Whitney, Charles "Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin: An Astronomer's Astronomer" in Sky & Telescope, Mar. 1980, p. 212.
Web Sites:
UCLA Contributions
of Women to Physics Page:
http://www.physics.ucla.edu/~cwp/Phase2/Payne_Gaposchkin,_Cecilia_Helena@861234567.html
Biography at Harvard Square Library Page: http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/unitarians/cpg.html
AAVSO Page on Her Centenary: http://www.aavso.org/newsletter/number25/cecilia.stm
ASP Women Slide Set Page: http://cannon.sfsu.edu/~gmarcy/cswa/history/cecilia.html
Brief Review of Her Autobiography by Jocelyn Bell Burnell: http://www.star.ucl.ac.uk/~hwm/burnell.htm
Web Sites:
Her Site at NOAO: http://www.noao.edu/noao/scistaff/pilachowski.html
Election to AAS Presidency: http://www.noao.edu/outreach/press/pr01/pr0105.html
ASP Women Slide Set Page: http://cannon.sfsu.edu/~gmarcy/cswa/history/pilachowski.html
Brief 2000 Interview: http://www.noao.edu/outreach/caty.html
Camp, Carole Sally Ride: First American Woman in Space. 1997, Enslow. For young adults.
Blacknall, Carolyn Sally Ride: America's First Woman in Space. 1984, Dillon Press. A book for youngsters.
Kramer, Barbara Sally Ride: A Space Biography. 1998, Enslow. Another book for kids.
Web Sites:
LucidCafe Biography and Links: http://www2.lucidcafe.com/lucidcafe/library/96may/ride.html
Brief Biography at NASA’s Female Frontiers: http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/space/frontiers/ride.html
ASP Women Slide Set Page: http://cannon.sfsu.edu/~gmarcy/cswa/history/ride.html
Scholastic Web Site, Her Answers to Questions from Kids: http://teacher.scholastic.com/space/tscriptr.htm
Croswell, Ken The Alchemy of the Heavens: Searching for Meaning in the Milky Way. 1995, Doubleday. See Chapter 8.
Web Sites:
Brief Bio at Women of NASA Site: http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/people/bios/women/nr.html
ASP Women Slide Set Page: http://cannon.sfsu.edu/~gmarcy/cswa/history/roman.html
Her Resume on Line: http://www.mc.cc.md.us/Departments/planet/Nancy/Nancy.htm
Bartusiak, Marcia "The Woman Who Spins the Stars" in Discover, Oct. 1990, p. 88. See also Bartusiak’s book, Through a Universe Darkly, 1993, HarperCollins, p. 202ff.
Boslaugh, John Masters of Time: Cosmology at the End of Innocence. 1992, Addison-Wesley. Chapter 2 features Rubin’s life and work.
Goldsmith, Donald The Astronomers. 1991, St. Martins. Chapter 2 profiles Vera Rubin.
Lightman, Alan & Brawer, Roberta "Interview with Vera Rubin" in Origins. 1990, Harvard U. Press.
Overbye, Dennis Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos. 1992, HarperCollins. Chapter 17 focuses on her work.
Rubin, Vera "Women's Work: Women in Modern Astronomy" in Science 86, Jul/Aug. 1986, p. 58.
Rubin, Vera Bright Galaxies, Dark Matters. 1997, American Institute of Physics Press. A collection of her articles, including several personal reminiscences.
Stephens, Sally "Vera Rubin: An Unconventional Career" in Mercury, Jan/Feb. 1992, p. 38. An interview.
Web Sites:
Brief Bio from Lake Afton Observatory: http://web.physics.twsu.edu/lapo/vr.htm
Her UCLA Contributions of Women to Physics Page: http://www.physics.ucla.edu/~cwp/Phase2/Rubin,_Vera_Cooper@931234567.html
Her Scientific American Article on Dark Matter: http://www.sciam.com/specialissues/0398cosmos/0398rubin.html
Some Autobiographical Excerpts: http://www.sciam.com/explorations/1998/042798women/rubin.html
ASP Women Slide Set Page: http://cannon.sfsu.edu/~gmarcy/cswa/history/rubin.html
Goldsmith, Donald The Astronomers. 1991, St. Martin’s Press. See Chapter 12 of this book, which focuses on the work of a few astronomers at the frontiers of science.
Web Sites:
AAS Presidency Announcement: http://pr.caltech.edu/media/Press_Releases/PR11962.html
Brief Interview with an Amateur Newsletter: http://www.aaa.org/eyepiece/archive/2000/oct/dust.html
Levy, David "Star Trails: Carolyn Shoemaker" in Sky & Telescope, June 1991, p. 658.
Levy, David Shoemaker by Levy: The Man who Made an Impact. 2000, Princeton U. Press. Biography of Eugene Shoemaker, but with much information about Carolyn’s work.
Preston, Richard First Light. 1987, Atlantic Monthly Press. Section 2 is a profile of the Shoemakers.
Reeves, R. "Interview with Gene and Carolyn Shoemaker: Meteor Crater to Palomar" in Astronomy, June 1993, p. 13.
Shoemaker, Carolyn "Ups and Downs in Planetary Astronomy" in Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Science, vol. 27, p. 1 (1999). Reminiscences about her career.
Web Sites:
Nice Article about Her from the Amer. Assn. of Petroleum Geologists Explorer: http://www.aapg.org/explorer/archives/05_01/denver_c_shoemaker.html
ASP Women Slide Set Page: http://cannon.sfsu.edu/~gmarcy/cswa/history/shoemaker.html
Excerpt from the Book "Shoemaker by Levy" (see above) About Discovering Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9: http://pup.princeton.edu/chapters/s6909.html
Sitterly, Charlotte Moore (1898-1990)
Garton, W. & Martin, W. "Obituary for C. M. Sitterly" in Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 32, pp. 209-10 (1991).
Martin, W. "Charlotte Sitterly" in Physics Today, vol. 44, p. 128 (Apr. 1991).
Morrison, Nancy & Fraknoi, Andrew "The Award of the 1990 Bruce Medal to Charlotte Moore Sitterly" in Mercury, Nov/Dec. 1990, p. 179.
Tousey, R. "The Solar Spectrum from Fraunhofer to Skylab: An Appreciation of the Contributions of Charlotte Moore Sitterly" in Journal of the Optical Society of America, Series B, vol. 5, p. 2230 (Oct. 1988).
Web Sites:
Bruce Medal Profile: http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/Sitterly/index.html
Obituary in the Bulletin of the AAS: http://adsbit.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=1991BAAS...23.1492.
Alic, Margaret Hypatia’s Heritage: A History of Women in Science. 1986, Beacon Press. Chapter 12 has a good section on her work.
Bruck, M. "Mary Somerville: Mathematician and Astronomer of Underused Talent" in Journal of the British Astronomical Association, Aug. 1996, vol. 106, p. 201.
Chapman, Allan The Victorian Amateur Astronomer. 1998, Wiley/Praxis. See especially pp. 276ff.
Patterson, E. "Mary Somerville" in British Journal for the History of Science, vol. 4, p. 311 (1969). Long profile.
Weitzenhoffer, Kenneth "The Education of Mary Somerville" in Sky & Telescope, Feb. 1987, p. 138.
Web Sites:
Math Tutor Biography: http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk:80/history/Mathematicians/Somerville.html
Australian Broadcasting Corp. Story: http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ockham/stories/s306256.htm
Brief Bio on Women in Math Site: http://www.mathnews.uwaterloo.ca/BestOf/WomenInMath7105.html
Virginia Tech Virtual Museum Page: http://www.ee.vt.edu/~museum/women/somer/a_somer.html
Hometown Tribute Page: http://www.fife40.freeserve.co.uk/burntisland/mabon.htm
A Student Paper: http://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/somer.htm
Drake, Frank & Sobel, Dava Is Anyone Out There? 1992, Delacorte/Bantam. Page 152 ff. Has a number of discussions of Tarter’s life and work, especially in Chapters 7 & 10.
Swift, David "Interview with Jill Tarter" in SETI Pioneers. 1990, U. of Arizona Press.
Web Sites:
Women in Science CD-ROM Site: http://www.storyline.com/sl/tos/toscd.html (includes interview with and information about Tarter, along with other women scientists; for grades 5—9.)
Short Bio at SETI Institute: http://www.seti.org/general/profiles/jill-t.html
Profile at Space.com: http://www.space.com/peopleinterviews/tarter_profile_991112.html
ASP Women Slide Set Page: http://cannon.sfsu.edu/~gmarcy/cswa/history/tarter.html
Interview with Colorado Engineer Magazine: http://cem.colorado.edu/archives/su1998/luke.html
Faber, Sandra "Beatrice Tinsley" in Physics Today, vol. 34, p. 110 (Sept. 1981).
Hill, Edward My Daughter Beatrice. 1986, American Physical Society.
Overbye, Dennis Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos. 1992, HarperCollins. An introduction to modern cosmology; material on Tinsley in Chapter 10.
Trimble, Virginia "Beatrice Tinsley" in Visit to a Small Universe. 1992, American Institute of Physics Press.
Web Sites:
ASP Women Slide Set Page: http://cannon.sfsu.edu/~gmarcy/cswa/history/tinsley.html
New Zealand Heroes Page: http://www.nzedge.com/heroes/tinsley.html
Paper by M. Turner with useful material: http://freepages.women.rootsweb.com/~mturner/bmt.htm
Trimble, Virginia Visit to a Small Universe. 1992, American Institute of Physics Press. A collection of her articles, including several that bear on her own life and work.
Web Sites:
Home Page at U. of California, Irvine: http://www.ps.uci.edu/physics/trimble.html
Wolff, Sidney "A Search for Aperture: A Selective History of Telescopes" in Mercury, the magazine of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Sep/Oct. 1985, p. 139.
Web Sites:
ASP Women Slide Set Page: http://cannon.sfsu.edu/~gmarcy/cswa/history/wolff.html
Brief Bio from Her Textbook: http://www.harcourtcollege.com/astro/fraknoi/authors.html
